Physics & engineering
Latent heat for a phase change
Latent heat for a phase change: Energy for a phase change at the transition temperature is Q = mass × specific latent heat.
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Physics & engineering
Linear thermal expansion
Linear thermal expansion: Change in length ΔL = original length × linear expansion coefficient × temperature change.
Physics & engineering
Steady thermal conduction through a slab
Steady thermal conduction through a slab: Heat transfer rate = conductivity × area × temperature difference / thickness for one-dimensional steady conduction.
Physics & engineering
Carnot thermal efficiency limit
Carnot thermal efficiency limit: Maximum reversible heat-engine efficiency = (1−cold temperature/hot temperature) × 100, with absolute temperatures.
Physics & engineering
Wave propagation speed
Wave propagation speed: Wave speed = frequency × wavelength.
Physics & engineering
Thin lens image distance
Thin lens image distance: For the real-is-positive thin-lens convention, 1/f = 1/object distance + 1/image distance.
Physics & engineering
Snell’s law refraction angle
Snell’s law refraction angle: n₁sin θ₁ = n₂sin θ₂.
Physics & engineering
Sound intensity level
Sound intensity level: Sound intensity level = 10 log₁₀(intensity/reference intensity), in decibels.
Physics & engineering
Combine independent sound levels
Combine independent sound levels: For uncorrelated sources with the same reference, combined level = 10 log₁₀(10^(L₁/10)+10^(L₂/10)).
Physics & engineering
Coulomb electrostatic force
Coulomb electrostatic force: Signed interaction F = k q₁q₂/r² with k ≈ 8.9875517923×10⁹ N·m²/C².
Physics & engineering
Electric field from a point charge
Electric field from a point charge: Radial electric field = kq/r² with k ≈ 8.9875517923×10⁹ N·m²/C².
Physics & engineering
Uniform wire resistance
Uniform wire resistance: Resistance R = resistivity × length / cross-section area, converting mm² to m².
Physics & engineering
Energy stored in an inductor
Energy stored in an inductor: Stored magnetic energy = ½ × inductance × current² for a linear inductor.
Physics & engineering
Ideal transformer secondary voltage
Ideal transformer secondary voltage: Ideal secondary voltage = primary voltage × secondary turns / primary turns.
Unit converters
Torque converter
Torque converter: Convert torque by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Density converter
Density converter: Convert density by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Volumetric flow converter
Volumetric flow converter: Convert volumetric flow by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Dynamic viscosity converter
Dynamic viscosity converter: Convert dynamic viscosity by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Kinematic viscosity converter
Kinematic viscosity converter: Convert kinematic viscosity by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Electric charge converter
Electric charge converter: Convert electric charge by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Capacitance converter
Capacitance converter: Convert capacitance by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Inductance converter
Inductance converter: Convert inductance by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Magnetic flux converter
Magnetic flux converter: Convert magnetic flux by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
Unit converters
Magnetic flux density converter
Magnetic flux density converter: Convert magnetic flux density by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.
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