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500 tools across 23 families. Choose a task and get straight to it.

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500 tools

Business & selling

A/B conversion difference and z-test

A/B conversion difference and z-test: Compute conversion rates, their difference and a pooled two-proportion z statistic.

Math & statistics

Absolute and relative error

Absolute and relative error with an explained formula, a worked example and checks for invalid or unsupported inputs.

Physics & engineering

AC real, reactive and apparent power

AC real, reactive and apparent power: Apparent power is RMS voltage × RMS current, multiplied by √3 for balanced three phase with line-to-line voltage.

Unit converters

Acceleration converter

Acceleration converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to m/s².

Dates & time

Add hours, minutes and seconds

Add hours, minutes and seconds: Parse each elapsed duration as hours, minutes and optional seconds, sum whole seconds, then normalize into total hours, minutes and seconds.

Text & writing

Add line numbers

Add line numbers: Prefix each line with its 1-based line number

Dates & time

Add or subtract calendar months

Add or subtract calendar months with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Dates & time

Add or subtract days

Add or subtract days: Add an integer number of UTC calendar days

Dates & time

Age on a date

Calculate age in years, months and days, with total elapsed days. The as-of date starts at today in your local time zone.

Unit converters

Angle converter

Angle converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to radian.

Pay & allowances

Annual leave accrual planner

Estimate accrued and remaining leave days from the annual entitlement and accrual period in your contract.

Salary & employment

Annual to hourly salary

Annual to hourly salary: Hourly gross = annual ÷ (hours/week × weeks/year)

Electronics & energy

Appliance electricity audit

Appliance electricity audit: Energy per appliance = rated watts × hours/day × quantity × days /1000.

Unit converters

Area converter

Area converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to m².

Math & statistics

Arithmetic mean

Arithmetic mean: Sum of values ÷ count

Digital quantities

Aspect ratio dimensions

Aspect ratio dimensions: New height = new width × original height ÷ original width

Money & borrowing

Balloon loan payment and schedule

Balloon loan payment and schedule: Regular payment = [principal − balloon/(1+r)^n] × r/[1−(1+r)^−n]; at zero rate use (principal−balloon)/n.

Developer & data

Base64 text codec

Base64 text codec: UTF-8 text ↔ RFC 4648 Base64. Not encryption.

Math & statistics

Bayesian binary-classifier posterior

Bayesian binary-classifier posterior: Apply Bayes’ theorem: posterior after a positive result = prior × true-positive rate / [prior × true-positive rate + (1−prior) × false-positive rate].

Math & statistics

Binomial probability

Binomial probability with an explained formula, a worked example and checks for invalid or unsupported inputs.

Web & design

Blend two HEX colors

Blend two HEX colors with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Money & borrowing

Bond yield to maturity solver

Bond yield to maturity solver: Solve the discounted coupon-plus-face-value equation by bisection over a nominal annual yield from −90% to 1,000%.

Pay & allowances

Bonus after entered deductions

Plan the net amount from a bonus using a combined deduction percentage and fixed deductions you enter.

Everyday arithmetic

Box packing in six orientations

Box packing in six orientations: For each of six axis-aligned item orientations, multiply the whole-item counts along the three container dimensions; report the best uniform orientation.

Business & selling

Break-even units

Break-even units: Whole units = ceil(fixed costs ÷ (price − variable cost))

Home & construction

Brick wall quantity with mortar joints

Brick wall quantity with mortar joints using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Business & selling

Business cash runway

Estimate how many months your business cash lasts at a constant monthly net burn rate.

Text & writing

Caesar cipher and ROT13

Caesar cipher and ROT13 locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Dates & time

Calendar date to ISO ordinal date

Calendar date to ISO ordinal date with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Business & selling

Cash conversion cycle

Cash conversion cycle: enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Web & design

Color contrast ratio

Color contrast ratio: WCAG relative luminance: linearize sRGB, L=0.2126R+0.7152G+0.0722B; ratio=(lighter+.05)/(darker+.05)

Web & design

Color palette from a HEX color

Generate complementary, analogous, triadic or split-complementary HEX colors by rotating the hue of a base color.

Math & statistics

Combinations

Combinations: n! ÷ [r!(n−r)!]; order does not matter

Business & selling

Commission

Commission: Commission = sales × rate/100

Money & borrowing

Compare three investment return scenarios

Compare three investment return scenarios: For each entered nominal annual return, apply rate/12 monthly before adding the end-of-month contribution.

Money & borrowing

Compare two loan offers

Compare two loan offers: Amortize both offers with rounded monthly interest and a final balance adjustment; compare all payments plus upfront fees.

Business & selling

Compare two payment fee quotes

Compare two payment-processing quotes with percentage and fixed charges, showing fees and the cheaper option.

Math & statistics

Complex number arithmetic

Complex number arithmetic: Use componentwise addition/subtraction, (a+bi)(c+di)=(ac−bd)+(ad+bc)i, and multiply by the divisor’s conjugate for division.

Money & borrowing

Compound interest

Compound interest: Balance = P × (1 + r/n)^(n×years), without contributions

Home & construction

Concrete quantity

Concrete quantity: Cubic meters = length × width × thickness/100 × (1+waste/100)

Geometry

Cone volume

Cone volume: V = πr²h ÷ 3 (m³)

Geometry

Coordinate distance

Coordinate distance: Euclidean distance = √((x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²)

Math & statistics

Covariance of paired data

Covariance of paired data with an explained formula, a worked example and checks for invalid or unsupported inputs.

Developer & data

CRC-32 text checksum

Calculate the standard reflected CRC-32 checksum of the exact UTF-8 bytes of text you enter.

Money & borrowing

Credit card balance transfer comparison

Credit card balance transfer comparison: Compare monthly rounded-interest payoff under the original rate with a transferred balance including the percentage fee, promo months and a later rate.

Money & borrowing

Credit card payoff time

Estimate the time and interest needed to clear a credit card with fixed monthly repayments and no new spending.

Money & borrowing

Credit utilization ratio

Calculate the share of available revolving credit currently used by your entered balances.

Education

Credit weighted GPA

Credit weighted GPA: Σ(grade points × credits) ÷ total credits; user supplies the grading model

Web & design

CSS border-radius generator

CSS border-radius generator with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Web & design

CSS box-shadow generator

CSS box-shadow generator with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Developer & data

CSV pivot by group and sum

CSV pivot by group and sum: Group exact cell strings and sum the selected numeric column with decimal arithmetic.

Developer & data

CSV to JSON

CSV to JSON: Parse CSV header row into an array of string-valued objects; reject duplicate or empty headers.

Developer & data

CSV to Markdown table

CSV to Markdown table locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Geometry

Cuboid volume

Cuboid volume: V = length × width × height (m³)

Regional utilities

Currency at a manual rate

Currency at a manual rate: Destination amount = source amount × manually supplied exchange rate

Business & selling

Custom processing fee

Custom processing fee: Fee = gross × percentage/100 + fixed fee

Business & selling

Customer acquisition cost (CAC)

Calculate acquisition cost per new customer from the sales and marketing spending for a consistent period.

Dates & time

Date difference

Date difference: Signed calendar days = (UTC end − UTC start)/86,400,000; optional inclusive end

Dates & time

Day of the week for a date

Find the weekday name, day number in the year and leap-year status of a Gregorian calendar date.

Electronics & energy

DC two-wire voltage drop

Calculate resistive voltage drop and wire power loss for a two-conductor DC circuit using entered resistivity.

Money & borrowing

Debt snowball vs avalanche comparison

Debt snowball vs avalanche comparison: Add monthly rounded interest, pay fixed minimums, then allocate all remaining budget to the smallest remaining balance (snowball) or highest rate (avalanche).

Money & borrowing

Debt-to-income ratio

Calculate the percentage of your gross monthly income used by required monthly debt payments.

Home & construction

Deck board spacing and count

Deck board spacing and count: Board count = ceil((deck width + target gap)/(board width+gap)); report exact equal gap if all boards can be full width, otherwise estimate the final rip width.

Business & selling

Dimensional shipping weight

Dimensional shipping weight: Dimensional weight (kg) = length × width × height ÷ divisor

Money & borrowing

Discount calculator

Discount calculator: Final price = price × (1 − discount/100)

Money & borrowing

Discounted payback period

Discounted payback period: enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Money & borrowing

Dividend income and yield planner

Dividend income and yield planner: Annual gross dividend = shares × dividend per payment × payments per year.

Digital quantities

Download time

Download time: Seconds = size × 8 ÷ speed; no protocol overhead

Unit converters

Duration converter

Duration converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to second.

Business & selling

Ecommerce contribution per order

Ecommerce contribution per order: Expected contribution = revenue × (1−refund share) − goods − fulfillment − payment fees − refund share × additional loss − advertising cost.

Business & selling

Economic order quantity (EOQ)

Economic order quantity (EOQ): enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Money & borrowing

Effective annual rate

Effective annual rate: Effective rate (%) = [(1 + nominal/n)^n − 1] × 100

Home & construction

Electricity cost

Electricity cost: Cost = watts/1000 × hours × tariff

Unit converters

Energy converter

Energy converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to J.

Money & borrowing

Equivalent annual cost (EAC)

Equivalent annual cost (EAC): enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Electronics & energy

EV charging time and cost

Estimate charging energy, time and electricity cost using battery capacity, charge levels and average wall power.

Math & statistics

Event probability

Event probability: Favorable outcomes ÷ total outcomes

Math & statistics

Exact fraction arithmetic

Exact fraction arithmetic: Parse signed integer fractions with BigInt, apply the selected operation, normalize the denominator sign and reduce by the greatest common divisor.

Money & borrowing

Extra loan payment savings

Compare payoff time and interest with and without an additional monthly loan payment.

Developer & data

Extract a column from CSV

Extract one CSV column as a JSON array, with an optional spreadsheet-safe one-column CSV download.

Developer & data

Extract email-like addresses and web URLs

Extract email-like addresses and web URLs: Find conservative email-like ASCII tokens or HTTP(S) URL tokens, remove duplicates and return the first occurrence order.

Images & PDFs

Extract PDF pages

Extract PDF pages: Copy a 1-based inclusive page range to a new PDF; start and end are required.

Math & statistics

Factorial

Factorial: n! = 1 × 2 × … × n; 0! = 1

Home & construction

Fence panels and posts

Plan panel and post counts for an open fence run or a closed loop, plus a basic materials budget.

Developer & data

Filter a JSON object array

Filter a JSON object array: Parse the match as a JSON scalar, then keep objects whose own named property is exactly equal in both type and value.

Developer & data

Filter CSV rows by a column

Filter CSV rows by a column: Parse CSV and retain rows whose selected cell equals, contains, or differs from the entered case-sensitive text.

Text & writing

Find and replace

Find and replace: Literal, case-sensitive global replacement. Regular expressions are not executed.

Developer & data

Find and replace within a CSV column

Find and replace within a CSV column: Parse CSV, replace every exact case-sensitive occurrence in the selected column only, and serialize valid CSV.

Developer & data

Find duplicate CSV keys

Find duplicate CSV keys: Build exact composite keys from the selected cells.

Dates & time

Fiscal quarter and date boundaries

Fiscal quarter and date boundaries: Offset the calendar month from the fiscal starting month, take the zero-based quarter, then find the first and last calendar dates in that three-month block.

Money & borrowing

Fixed-coupon bond price

Value a fixed-coupon bond by discounting its remaining coupons and maturity payment at an entered yield.

Developer & data

Flatten JSON to pointer entries

Flatten JSON to pointer entries locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Web & design

Fluid font-size CSS clamp generator

Fluid font-size CSS clamp generator with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Physics & engineering

Fluid pressure from liquid head

Fluid pressure from liquid head using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Unit converters

Force converter

Force converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to N.

Travel & transport

Foreign card and ATM cost

Estimate a foreign purchase or ATM withdrawal cost after conversion, percentage markup and a fixed fee.

Electronics & energy

Four-band resistor color decoder

Four-band resistor color decoder: Decode the first two bands as decimal digits, apply the third-band multiplier and use the fourth band as percentage tolerance.

Taxes & fees

Freelance tax set-aside planner

Plan a tax reserve and remaining cash from freelance revenue after entered expenses, using your chosen reserve rate.

Unit converters

Frequency converter

Frequency converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to Hz.

Math & statistics

Frequency-table mean and variance

Frequency-table mean and variance: Treat each nonnegative integer frequency as a count of repeated observations.

Travel & transport

Fuel economy

Fuel economy: L/100 km = fuel ÷ distance × 100

Travel & transport

Fuel trip cost

Fuel trip cost: Cost = distance/100 × consumption × price/liter

Math & statistics

GCD and LCM of integers

Find the greatest common divisor and least common multiple of two or more integers, including exact large integers.

Math & statistics

Geometric sequence and sum

Find a term and finite sum of a geometric sequence, including ratio zero, one or negative ratios.

Taxes & fees

Germany income tax — basic tariff

Calculate Germany’s 2026 basic income-tax tariff on taxable income, excluding church tax, solidarity surcharge and social contributions.

Physics & engineering

Gravitational potential energy

Gravitational potential energy using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Web & design

HEX to RGB and HSL

HEX to RGB and HSL: Parse sRGB hexadecimal channels; convert normalized RGB to cylindrical HSL

Math & statistics

Histogram bin and frequency table

Histogram bin and frequency table: Split the observed range into equal-width bins, using left-inclusive/right-exclusive intervals except that the last bin includes the maximum.

Travel & transport

Holiday and travel budget

Build a trip budget with flights, rooms, daily spending, visa or insurance extras and a contingency allowance.

Physics & engineering

Hooke’s law spring force and energy

Hooke’s law spring force and energy: Within the linear elastic range, restoring force = −k × displacement and stored energy = ½ × k × displacement².

Travel & transport

Hotel and tourist tax budget

Estimate local visitor or hotel taxes using a quoted per-person nightly fee or an accommodation tax percentage.

Salary & employment

Hourly to annual salary

Hourly to annual salary: Annual gross = hourly × hours/week × paid weeks/year

Dates & time

Hours to ISO 8601 time duration

Hours to ISO 8601 time duration with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Money & borrowing

How long will savings last?

Estimate how many month-end withdrawals savings can support under a fixed return and withdrawal amount.

Developer & data

HTML entity encoding

HTML entity encoding: Encode five HTML-sensitive characters as entities; output remains plain text

Physics & engineering

Ideal lever effort force

Ideal lever effort force: Balance moments about the pivot: effort force × effort arm = load force × load arm.

Taxes & fees

Import duty and VAT budget

Plan a landed import cost using goods, shipping, your quoted customs duty, import tax and handling charge.

Money & borrowing

Inflation and purchasing power

Compare a future price with the purchasing power of a fixed amount under an assumed annual inflation rate.

Developer & data

Integer base converter

Integer base converter: Parse safe integer in base 2–36 and format in destination base

Money & borrowing

Internal rate of return (IRR)

Internal rate of return (IRR): enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Math & statistics

Interpolate values from an XY table

Interpolate values from an XY table: Sort distinct x knots, find the two surrounding knots for each query, and linearly interpolate y between them.

Business & selling

Inventory reorder point

Inventory reorder point: Reorder point = mean daily demand × replenishment lead time + safety stock; round upward to a whole unit.

Money & borrowing

Investment annual fee impact

Compare projected investment balances with and without a recurring annual asset-based fee under fixed growth assumptions.

Business & selling

Invoice aging report

Invoice aging report: Compare each due date with the as-of date.

Business & selling

Invoice payment due date

Invoice payment due date: Add the entered number of calendar days, treating the invoice date as day zero.

Business & selling

Invoice total

Invoice total: Total = subtotal × (1−discount/100) × (1+tax/100)

Developer & data

IPv4 subnet and CIDR calculator

Find an IPv4 network range, subnet mask, broadcast value and conventional usable host range from a CIDR prefix.

Geometry

Irregular polygon area and perimeter

Irregular polygon area and perimeter: Apply the shoelace formula to ordered vertices and sum edge lengths, including the closing edge.

Dates & time

ISO week number

ISO week number: ISO 8601: Monday starts the week; week 1 contains January 4

Developer & data

JSON minifier

JSON minifier: Parse and serialize JSON without optional whitespace

Developer & data

JSON path and type report

JSON path and type report: Walk the JSON structure, using [] for each array item position, and count observed value types at each structural path.

Developer & data

JSON string escape and unescape

JSON string escape and unescape locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Developer & data

JSON structural diff

Compare JSON values structurally and list added, removed or changed paths without treating key order as a change.

Developer & data

JSON to CSV

JSON to CSV: Serialize an array of flat primitive-valued objects with the same keys as the first row. Prefix spreadsheet formula values with an apostrophe.

Developer & data

JSON validator and formatter

JSON validator and formatter: Parse JSON without executing it, then serialize with two-space indentation

Developer & data

JWT payload decoder

JWT payload decoder: Decode the base64url JSON payload. Does not verify signatures, trust, issuer, audience or expiry.

Physics & engineering

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Physics & engineering

LC resonant frequency

LC resonant frequency: For an ideal lumped LC circuit, resonant frequency = 1 / (2π√(L × C)), with L in henries and C in farads.

Dates & time

Leap year checker and year length

Leap year checker and year length with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Unit converters

Length converter

Length converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to m.

Physics & engineering

Linear momentum

Linear momentum using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Money & borrowing

Loan amortization schedule

See a monthly loan amortization schedule and download principal, interest and balance as a CSV file.

Money & borrowing

Loan payment / EMI

Loan payment / EMI: Monthly payment = P×r/[1−(1+r)^−n], r=annual/12; at zero interest P/n

Money & borrowing

Loan recast payment after a lump sum

Loan recast payment after a lump sum: Subtract the lump sum from principal and recalculate the fixed payment over the entered remaining term at the same rate.

Math & statistics

Logarithm

Logarithm: log(value) ÷ log(base)

Business & selling

Markup

Markup: Markup (%) = (price − cost) ÷ cost × 100

Unit converters

Mass converter

Mass converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to kg.

Math & statistics

Median

Median: Sort numerically; use the central value or mean of the central two

Dates & time

Meeting time across world time zones

Meeting time across world time zones: Parse a single instant with an explicit offset, then format that instant in each IANA time zone using the browser’s Intl time-zone database.

Developer & data

Merge CSV tables with matching headers

Merge CSV tables with matching headers: Validate that both parsed header rows match exactly, then append all data rows from the second table to the first.

Images & PDFs

Merge PDF files

Merge PDF files: Append every page of each selected unencrypted PDF in selection order.

Pay & allowances

Mileage reimbursement with tiers

Calculate a tiered mileage allowance while accounting for distance already claimed in the current policy year.

Business & selling

Mixed-rate sales tax basket

Mixed-rate sales tax basket: For each line calculate net × quantity, round its tax to cents, then sum line net, tax and gross amounts.

Math & statistics

Mode

Mode: Count exact numeric frequencies; return every value tied for most frequent

Money & borrowing

Modified Dietz investment return

Modified Dietz investment return: Return = (ending − starting − net external flows)/(starting + Σ flow × remaining-days/period-days).

Money & borrowing

Modified internal rate of return (MIRR)

Modified internal rate of return (MIRR): enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Dates & time

Monthly recurring date schedule

Monthly recurring date schedule with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Business & selling

Monthly sales growth scenario

Monthly sales growth scenario: Month one uses the starting units; each later month multiplies the previous units by (1+growth).

Math & statistics

Moving average time-series worksheet

Moving average time-series worksheet: For each input row with enough observations, average that row and its previous window−1 values.

Money & borrowing

Multiple discounts

Multiple discounts: Final price = price × (1−d₁/100) × (1−d₂/100); percentages do not add

Text & writing

NATO phonetic alphabet translator

NATO phonetic alphabet translator locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Pay & allowances

Net pay from payslip deductions

Reconcile take-home pay from your gross payslip, entered tax, pension, social deductions and reimbursements.

Money & borrowing

Net present value (NPV)

Discount future net cash flows and subtract the initial outlay to estimate a project’s net present value.

Everyday arithmetic

Number rounding

Number rounding: Round to the selected number of decimal places

Text & writing

Number to English words

Number to English words: Split the integer into three-digit groups through quadrillions, spell each group in English, and read fractional digits individually after “point”.

Money & borrowing

One-time loan overpayment schedule

One-time loan overpayment schedule: Calculate the normal fixed payment, then apply one extra principal payment after the regular payment in the chosen month.

Pay & allowances

Overtime and regular pay

Calculate regular pay, overtime pay and total gross earnings using the multiplier in your employment policy.

Salary & employment

Overtime pay estimate

Overtime pay estimate: Gross = rate × regular hours + rate × multiplier × overtime hours

Home & construction

Paint quantity

Paint quantity: Liters = area × coats ÷ coverage × (1 + waste/100)

Everyday arithmetic

Percentage

Percentage: value × percentage ÷ 100

Everyday arithmetic

Percentage change

Percentage change: (new − original) ÷ |original| × 100

Everyday arithmetic

Percentage difference

Percentage difference: Absolute difference ÷ arithmetic mean × 100

Everyday arithmetic

Percentage points

Percentage points: New rate minus original rate, in percentage points

Math & statistics

Percentile with linear interpolation

Percentile with linear interpolation with an explained formula, a worked example and checks for invalid or unsupported inputs.

Math & statistics

Permutations

Permutations: n! ÷ (n−r)!; order matters

Physics & engineering

Pipe flow velocity

Pipe flow velocity using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Physics & engineering

Pipe internal capacity

Pipe internal capacity: Treat the internal bore as a cylinder: volume = π × (internal diameter / 2)² × length.

Physics & engineering

Pipe Reynolds number

Pipe Reynolds number using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Digital quantities

Pixel density

Pixel density: PPI = √(width² + height²) ÷ physical diagonal

Web & design

Pixels and rem converter

Pixels and rem converter with editable inputs, an explained method, a worked example and clearly stated output limits.

Home & construction

Plant spacing grid count

Plant spacing grid count: Place plant centers half a spacing from each boundary.

Math & statistics

Poisson event probability

Poisson event probability with an explained formula, a worked example and checks for invalid or unsupported inputs.

Math & statistics

Polynomial definite integral by Simpson’s rule

Polynomial definite integral by Simpson’s rule: Composite Simpson’s rule: h/3 × [f(a)+f(b)+4Σ odd interior samples+2Σ even interior samples], evaluating the entered polynomial with Horner’s method.

Home & construction

Pool and tank filling time

Pool and tank filling time using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Unit converters

Power converter

Power converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to W.

Math & statistics

Powers and roots

Powers and roots: Raise the base to the supplied real exponent

Home & construction

Premixed concrete bag quantity

Premixed concrete bag quantity: Bags = ceil(required m³ × 1000 × (1+waste fraction) / stated litres of wet yield per bag).

Money & borrowing

Present value of an annuity

Present value of an annuity: enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Unit converters

Pressure converter

Pressure converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to Pa.

Math & statistics

Prime factorization

Decompose a positive whole number into prime factors, exponents and the number of positive divisors.

Business & selling

Profit margin

Profit margin: Margin (%) = (revenue − cost) ÷ revenue × 100

Money & borrowing

Profitability index

Profitability index: enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Geometry

Pythagorean theorem

Pythagorean theorem: Hypotenuse = √(a² + b²); right triangles only

Web & design

QR code generator

QR code generator: Encode text into a PNG QR code with medium error correction

Math & statistics

Quadratic roots

Quadratic roots: Solve ax² + bx + c = 0 using the discriminant; real roots only

Home & construction

Rainwater collection worksheet

Rainwater collection worksheet: Harvested litres = rainfall mm × roof catchment m² × efficiency fraction; one mm over one m² equals one litre.

Random generators

Random choice

Random choice: Uniform Web Crypto selection of one nonempty trimmed line

Math & statistics

Range

Range: Maximum minus minimum

Everyday arithmetic

Ratio simplifier

Ratio simplifier: Divide each nonnegative integer by its greatest common divisor

Electronics & energy

RC time constant and settling time

RC time constant and settling time using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Education

Reading time

Reading time: Whitespace-delimited words ÷ reading speed; estimate in minutes

Money & borrowing

Real return after inflation

Adjust a nominal return for inflation over the same period to estimate the change in purchasing power.

Business & selling

Reconcile two ledgers by reference

Reconcile two ledgers by reference: Aggregate signed amounts by exact reference on each side; list each reference with its two totals and difference.

Developer & data

Redact selected JSON fields

Redact selected JSON fields: Parse JSON, validate all pointers against the original document, then replace each selected value with the string [REDACTED].

Money & borrowing

Refinance fee break-even

Refinance fee break-even: New payment uses the fixed-rate annuity formula.

Geometry

Regular polygon dimensions

Regular polygon dimensions: For a regular n-sided polygon, apothem = side / (2 tan(π/n)), perimeter = n × side, and area = perimeter × apothem / 2.

Developer & data

Remove duplicate CSV rows

Remove duplicate CSV rows locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Text & writing

Remove duplicate lines

Remove duplicate lines: Keep the first occurrence of each exact, case-sensitive line; preserve order

Money & borrowing

Rental cash-on-cash return

Rental cash-on-cash return: Annual cash flow = collected rent − operating costs − financing payments.

Money & borrowing

Rental property capitalization rate

Rental property capitalization rate: enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Education

Required final exam score

Required final exam score: Required score = [target − current × (1−weight)] ÷ weight

Images & PDFs

Resize and convert image

Resize and convert image: Decode JPEG, PNG or WebP, fit inside maximum dimensions preserving aspect ratio, then re-encode as PNG/JPEG/WebP. Metadata is not explicitly copied.

Text & writing

Reverse line order

Reverse line order: Reverse newline-delimited lines without changing line contents

Everyday arithmetic

Reverse percentage

Reverse percentage: Original = final ÷ (1 + increase/100)

Business & selling

Reverse processing fee

Reverse processing fee: Required gross = (target net + fixed fee) ÷ (1 − percentage/100), rounded up to the next cent

Text & writing

Reverse text

Reverse text: Reverse Unicode code points; combining sequences may separate

Home & construction

Roof pitch and slope angle

Convert measured roof rise and horizontal run into an angle, slope percentage and an x-in-12 roof pitch.

Math & statistics

Root mean square (RMS)

Root mean square (RMS) with an explained formula, a worked example and checks for invalid or unsupported inputs.

Images & PDFs

Rotate PDF pages

Rotate PDF pages: Add a clockwise rotation of 90, 180 or 270 degrees to all pages.

Travel & transport

Running pace

Running pace: Pace = minutes ÷ kilometers

Business & selling

Safety stock with fixed lead time

Safety stock with fixed lead time: Safety stock = z × daily demand standard deviation × √lead-time days, rounded upward.

Business & selling

Sales-mix break-even batches

Sales-mix break-even batches: Contribution per mix batch = Σ mix quantity × (selling price − variable cost).

Money & borrowing

Savings goal contribution

Savings goal contribution: Monthly saving = max(0, target − current) ÷ months; zero growth model

Money & borrowing

Savings with monthly contributions

Project a savings balance from an initial deposit and recurring monthly contributions, with interest and timing shown.

Everyday arithmetic

Scientific notation

Scientific notation: Express the number as a coefficient multiplied by a power of ten

Random generators

Secure password generator

Secure password generator: Uniform selection with rejection sampling from a 72-character alphabet using Web Crypto

Random generators

Secure random integer

Secure random integer: Uniform rejection sampling using Web Crypto; inclusive bounds

Electronics & energy

Series and parallel resistor network

Series and parallel resistor network using clearly labeled inputs, with the formula, a worked example and practical limits explained.

Developer & data

SHA-256 text hash

SHA-256 text hash: SHA-256 via Web Crypto; UTF-8 input, hexadecimal digest

Money & borrowing

Simple interest

Simple interest: Interest only = principal × annual rate × years

Math & statistics

Simple linear regression

Simple linear regression with an explained formula, a worked example and checks for invalid or unsupported inputs.

Geometry

Slope

Slope: Slope = (y₂−y₁) ÷ (x₂−x₁); vertical slope is undefined

Home & construction

Soil and mulch

Soil and mulch: Volume in liters = area × depth × 10

Math & statistics

Solve a linear equation system

Solve a linear equation system: Apply Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting to an n×(n+1) augmented matrix.

Dates & time

Sort dates and inspect calendar gaps

Sort dates and inspect calendar gaps: Validate Gregorian dates, sort them chronologically, preserve duplicates, and report days since the previous sorted date.

Developer & data

Sort JSON object keys

Sort JSON object keys locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Text & writing

Sort lines

Sort lines: Sort lines in Unicode code-unit order; case-sensitive

Math & statistics

Spearman rank correlation with ties

Spearman rank correlation with ties: Rank each series with average ranks for ties, then calculate Pearson correlation between the two rank series.

Unit converters

Speed converter

Speed converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to m/s.

Home & construction

Stair riser and run planner

Estimate an equal-riser stair layout from total rise, a chosen maximum riser and horizontal going.

Math & statistics

Standard deviation

Standard deviation: Sum squared deviations from mean ÷ N (population) or N−1 (sample); take square root

Home & construction

Stock length cutting plan

Stock length cutting plan: Expand requested quantities, sort pieces longest first, and place each in the first existing stock that fits.

Digital quantities

Storage converter

Storage converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to byte.

Digital quantities

Streaming internet data usage

Estimate streaming data consumption from an average bitrate, daily usage, days and simultaneous devices.

Developer & data

Summarize a numeric CSV column

Summarize a numeric CSV column: Parse nonblank selected cells as numbers; calculate count, sum, mean, minimum and maximum using decimal arithmetic.

Math & statistics

Survey sample size for a proportion

Plan a survey sample size for a proportion from a confidence level, absolute margin and optional population correction.

Taxes & fees

Tax refund or balance owing

Compare tax already paid with your estimated final liability to see a possible refund or remaining balance.

Unit converters

Temperature converter

Temperature converter: Convert to Kelvin, then to the destination scale: K = °C + 273.15; °F = °C × 9/5 + 32.

Unit converters

Temperature interval

Temperature interval: Scale differences use Δ°F = Δ°C × 9/5 and ΔK = Δ°C.

Text & writing

Text case converter

Text case converter: Apply Unicode upper/lower case, or uppercase each word’s first letter

Text & writing

Text comparison

Text comparison: Compare exact Unicode strings; report first differing code-point position

Business & selling

Tiered marginal commission plan

Tiered marginal commission plan: Apply each rate only to the sales slice inside that cumulative band.

Home & construction

Tile quantity

Tile quantity: Tiles = ceil(area ÷ tile area × (1 + waste/100))

Money & borrowing

Time-weighted investment return

Time-weighted investment return: Compute each subperiod return as end/start −1 and geometrically link the factors.

Money & borrowing

Tip and split the bill

Calculate a tip and split the final bill equally, with a cent allocation that adds up to the total.

Pay & allowances

Total employee cost to employer

Budget salary plus employer payroll contributions, pension and fixed benefits using your entered rates.

Developer & data

Transpose CSV rows and columns

Transpose CSV rows and columns: Treat every CSV row as data and swap row/column indices: output[j][i]=input[i][j].

Geometry

Trapezoid area

Trapezoid area: A = (a + b) × height ÷ 2 (m²)

Pay & allowances

Travel per diem allowance

Total full-day and partial-day business travel allowances, with meal deductions from your travel policy.

Travel & transport

Travel time

Travel time: Hours = distance ÷ speed; excludes stops

Geometry

Triangle area

Triangle area: A = base × perpendicular height ÷ 2 (m²)

Developer & data

TSV and CSV converter

TSV and CSV converter: Parse the selected source delimiter with quote handling, then serialize with the destination delimiter and spreadsheet formula escaping.

Physics & engineering

Two-solution concentration blend

Two-solution concentration blend: Solve low-volume + high-volume = final volume and low-concentration × low-volume + high-concentration × high-volume = target-concentration × final volume.

Taxes & fees

UK non-savings income tax estimate

UK non-savings income tax estimate: Reduce personal allowance £1 per £2 above £100,000; apply progressive bands to income after allowance. Taxable band upper limits: England 37,700 / 125,140; Scotland 3,967 / 16,956 / 31,092 / 62,430 / 125,140; final

Pay & allowances

UK personal allowance taper

Calculate the UK standard personal allowance remaining after the £100,000 adjusted-net-income taper for 2026–27.

Text & writing

Unicode inspector

Unicode inspector: List code points in hexadecimal; maximum 1,000 code points

Text & writing

Unicode text normalization

Unicode text normalization locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Business & selling

Unit price

Unit price: Price per unit = total price ÷ quantity

Dates & time

Unix timestamp converter

Unix timestamp converter: Unix seconds count elapsed time since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z; offset required for ISO input

Developer & data

Unpivot wide CSV columns

Unpivot wide CSV columns: Keep the selected identifier; turn every other cell into a separate row with the source column name and cell value.

Pay & allowances

Unused holiday pay estimate

Estimate the gross value of payable unused holiday days using the eligible daily pay supplied by your employer.

Developer & data

URL component encoding

URL component encoding: Encode or decode a URL component; not an entire URL

Developer & data

URL query builder and parser

Build, append or inspect a URL query string with browser-standard encoding, duplicate parameter support and no network request.

Text & writing

URL slug generator

URL slug generator: Normalize accents, lowercase, replace non-ASCII-alphanumeric runs with hyphens

Taxes & fees

US federal income tax — taxable income

Estimate 2026 US federal tax on ordinary taxable income after deductions, before credits, for four filing statuses. Excludes state tax and FICA.

Developer & data

UTF-8 text and hexadecimal bytes

UTF-8 text and hexadecimal bytes: Encode text with UTF-8 and format each byte as two hexadecimal digits; decode pairs of hex digits using a fatal UTF-8 decoder.

Developer & data

UUID format and version checker

UUID format and version checker locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Random generators

UUID v4 generator

UUID v4 generator: Web Crypto randomUUID generates a random version 4 UUID

Math & statistics

Variance

Variance: Sum squared deviations from mean ÷ N (population) or N−1 (sample)

Taxes & fees

VAT / GST calculator

VAT / GST calculator: Inclusive: net = gross/(1+rate); exclusive: gross = net×(1+rate). Output is the tax amount.

Developer & data

vCard 3.0 contact file generator

vCard 3.0 contact file generator: Escape text backslashes, commas, semicolons and line breaks; emit a UTF-8 vCard 3.0 with FN, EMAIL, TEL and ORG fields.

Travel & transport

Visa application fee budget

Budget adult and child visa fees, service charges and document costs for the US, UK, Canada, Australia or Europe.

Unit converters

Volume converter

Volume converter: result = amount × source factor ÷ destination factor. Factors are relative to L.

Home & construction

Wallpaper roll quantity

Estimate whole wallpaper rolls from strip height, roll dimensions, trimming and an optional straight-match pattern repeat.

Home & construction

Water use

Water use: Liters per day = flow × minutes × uses

Dates & time

Weekday count

Weekday count: Count Monday–Friday in [start,end); no holiday exclusions

Math & statistics

Weighted average

Weighted average: Σ(value × weight) ÷ Σweights

Math & statistics

Weighted median

Weighted median with an explained formula, a worked example and checks for invalid or unsupported inputs.

Business & selling

Weighted supplier scorecard

Weighted supplier scorecard: Require a weight for every score column and a total weight of 100%.

Text & writing

Whitespace cleanup

Whitespace cleanup: Trim leading/trailing whitespace and replace internal whitespace runs with one space

Text & writing

Word and character count

Word and character count: Count whitespace-delimited words and Unicode code points

Text & writing

Word frequency counter

Word frequency counter locally in your browser, with clear input requirements, a worked example and an explanation of the result.

Business & selling

Working capital and current ratio

Working capital and current ratio: enter your own figures, see the result and calculation method, and check the model’s assumptions.

Money & borrowing

Year-by-year variable-return drawdown

Year-by-year variable-return drawdown: For each entered year apply its return to the current balance, then take the entered year-end withdrawal.

Math & statistics

Z-score standardization

Express an observation as the number of population standard deviations above or below the mean.

Math & statistics

Real nth root

Real nth root: Solve y^n = x over the real numbers.

Math & statistics

Exponential growth doubling time

Exponential growth doubling time: Doubling time = ln(2) / ln(1 + growth/100), with a strictly positive growth rate.

Math & statistics

Circular sector area

Circular sector area: Sector area = π × radius² × central angle / 360 for angles from zero through 360 degrees.

Math & statistics

Circular arc length

Circular arc length: Arc length = radius × angle in radians = radius × angle in degrees × π/180.

Math & statistics

Ellipse area

Ellipse area: Ellipse area = π × semi-major axis × semi-minor axis.

Math & statistics

Ellipsoid volume

Ellipsoid volume: Ellipsoid volume = (4/3) × π × a × b × c, where a, b and c are the three semi-axes.

Math & statistics

Circular frustum volume

Circular frustum volume: A circular cone frustum has volume πh(R² + Rr + r²)/3.

Math & statistics

Torus volume

Torus volume: For a ring torus, volume = 2π² × major radius × tube radius².

Math & statistics

Distance from a point to a line

Distance from a point to a line: For line ax + by + c = 0, perpendicular distance is |ax₀ + by₀ + c| / √(a² + b²).

Math & statistics

Angle between two 2D vectors

Angle between two 2D vectors: Angle = arccos[(A·B)/(|A||B|)], returned in degrees from 0 to 180.

Math & statistics

Harmonic mean

Harmonic mean: Harmonic mean = count / Σ(1/value).

Math & statistics

Geometric mean

Geometric mean: Compute exp(mean(ln(value))) for positive observations.

Math & statistics

Coefficient of variation

Coefficient of variation: Sample coefficient of variation = sample standard deviation / arithmetic mean × 100.

Math & statistics

Mean absolute deviation about the mean

Mean absolute deviation about the mean: Find the arithmetic mean, then average the absolute distances of observations from that mean.

Math & statistics

Cohen’s d for independent samples

Cohen’s d for independent samples: Cohen’s d = difference of means divided by pooled sample SD; pooled variance weights each sample variance by n−1.

Math & statistics

Probability of at least one success

Probability of at least one success: For independent equal-probability trials, P(at least one success) = 1−(1−p)^n.

Math & statistics

Modular exponentiation

Modular exponentiation: Compute base^exponent mod modulus using exponentiation by squaring with exact BigInt integer arithmetic.

Physics & engineering

Ideal projectile horizontal range

Ideal projectile horizontal range: For equal launch and landing heights without drag, horizontal range = v² sin(2θ)/g.

Physics & engineering

Free-fall time from rest

Free-fall time from rest: For a body released from rest with constant gravity and no drag, fall time = √(2h/g).

Physics & engineering

Centripetal force

Centripetal force: The inward force needed for uniform circular motion is F = mv²/r.

Physics & engineering

Torque from force and angle

Torque from force and angle: Torque magnitude = radius × force × |sin(angle between radius and force)|, in newton-metres.

Physics & engineering

Archimedes buoyant force

Archimedes buoyant force: Buoyant force = fluid density × displaced volume × gravitational acceleration, directed upward in a static fluid.

Physics & engineering

Hydrostatic gauge pressure

Hydrostatic gauge pressure: Gauge pressure increase below a static fluid surface is ρgh.

Physics & engineering

Ideal gas pressure

Ideal gas pressure: Ideal gas pressure P = nRT/V, using R = 8.31446261815324 J/(mol·K).

Physics & engineering

Sensible heat energy

Sensible heat energy: Heat energy Q = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change.

Physics & engineering

Latent heat for a phase change

Latent heat for a phase change: Energy for a phase change at the transition temperature is Q = mass × specific latent heat.

Physics & engineering

Linear thermal expansion

Linear thermal expansion: Change in length ΔL = original length × linear expansion coefficient × temperature change.

Physics & engineering

Steady thermal conduction through a slab

Steady thermal conduction through a slab: Heat transfer rate = conductivity × area × temperature difference / thickness for one-dimensional steady conduction.

Physics & engineering

Carnot thermal efficiency limit

Carnot thermal efficiency limit: Maximum reversible heat-engine efficiency = (1−cold temperature/hot temperature) × 100, with absolute temperatures.

Physics & engineering

Wave propagation speed

Wave propagation speed: Wave speed = frequency × wavelength.

Physics & engineering

Thin lens image distance

Thin lens image distance: For the real-is-positive thin-lens convention, 1/f = 1/object distance + 1/image distance.

Physics & engineering

Sound intensity level

Sound intensity level: Sound intensity level = 10 log₁₀(intensity/reference intensity), in decibels.

Physics & engineering

Combine independent sound levels

Combine independent sound levels: For uncorrelated sources with the same reference, combined level = 10 log₁₀(10^(L₁/10)+10^(L₂/10)).

Physics & engineering

Coulomb electrostatic force

Coulomb electrostatic force: Signed interaction F = k q₁q₂/r² with k ≈ 8.9875517923×10⁹ N·m²/C².

Physics & engineering

Electric field from a point charge

Electric field from a point charge: Radial electric field = kq/r² with k ≈ 8.9875517923×10⁹ N·m²/C².

Physics & engineering

Uniform wire resistance

Uniform wire resistance: Resistance R = resistivity × length / cross-section area, converting mm² to m².

Physics & engineering

Energy stored in an inductor

Energy stored in an inductor: Stored magnetic energy = ½ × inductance × current² for a linear inductor.

Physics & engineering

Ideal transformer secondary voltage

Ideal transformer secondary voltage: Ideal secondary voltage = primary voltage × secondary turns / primary turns.

Unit converters

Torque converter

Torque converter: Convert torque by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Density converter

Density converter: Convert density by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Volumetric flow converter

Volumetric flow converter: Convert volumetric flow by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Dynamic viscosity converter

Dynamic viscosity converter: Convert dynamic viscosity by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Kinematic viscosity converter

Kinematic viscosity converter: Convert kinematic viscosity by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Electric charge converter

Electric charge converter: Convert electric charge by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Capacitance converter

Capacitance converter: Convert capacitance by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Inductance converter

Inductance converter: Convert inductance by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Magnetic flux converter

Magnetic flux converter: Convert magnetic flux by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Magnetic flux density converter

Magnetic flux density converter: Convert magnetic flux density by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Illuminance converter

Illuminance converter: Convert illuminance by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Luminance converter

Luminance converter: Convert luminance by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Radioactivity unit converter

Radioactivity unit converter: Convert radioactivity unit by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Molar concentration converter

Molar concentration converter: Convert molar concentration by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Molar mass converter

Molar mass converter: Convert molar mass by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Specific heat capacity converter

Specific heat capacity converter: Convert specific heat capacity by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Thermal conductivity converter

Thermal conductivity converter: Convert thermal conductivity by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Areal mass density converter

Areal mass density converter: Convert areal mass density by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Textile linear density converter

Textile linear density converter: Convert textile linear density by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Unit converters

Angular speed converter

Angular speed converter: Convert angular speed by multiplying the input by its source-unit factor and dividing by its destination-unit factor.

Money & borrowing

Rule of 72 comparison

Rule of 72 comparison: Approximate doubling years = 72 / annual percentage growth rate.

Money & borrowing

Level perpetuity present value

Level perpetuity present value: Present value of end-of-period level payments continuing forever = payment / discount rate.

Money & borrowing

Growing perpetuity present value

Growing perpetuity present value: Present value = next-period cash flow / (discount rate − growth rate).

Money & borrowing

Annuity due present value

Annuity due present value: Annuity-due present value = payment × [1−(1+r)^−n]/r × (1+r).

Money & borrowing

Periods to reach a savings goal

Periods to reach a savings goal: Solve target = start(1+r)^n + deposit[(1+r)^n−1]/r and round up to the next whole deposit period.

Money & borrowing

Education cost inflation target

Education cost inflation target: Inflate each annual education payment separately from today, then sum the nominal payments across the study years.

Money & borrowing

Retirement income gap

Retirement income gap: Monthly income gap = max(0, desired spending − pension income − other income).

Money & borrowing

Fund switch fee break-even

Fund switch fee break-even: Approximate break-even years = switching cost / annual fee savings on an unchanged balance.

Money & borrowing

Holding-period return after costs

Holding-period return after costs: Holding-period return = (sale proceeds + income − costs − initial investment) / initial investment × 100.

Money & borrowing

Bond Macaulay duration

Bond Macaulay duration: Discount each payment at yield/frequency.

Money & borrowing

Bond modified duration price sensitivity

Bond modified duration price sensitivity: Modified duration = Macaulay duration / (1 + nominal yield/frequency), approximating fractional price sensitivity to yield.

Money & borrowing

Gordon dividend growth valuation

Gordon dividend growth valuation: Model value = last dividend × (1+growth) / (required return − growth), with required return greater than growth.

Money & borrowing

Preferred share current yield

Preferred share current yield: Current yield = annual preferred dividend / current price × 100.

Money & borrowing

Theoretical ex-rights price

Theoretical ex-rights price: TERP = (existing share count × old price + new share count × subscription price) / total share count.

Money & borrowing

Weighted average cost of capital

Weighted average cost of capital: WACC = equity weight × cost of equity + debt weight × cost of debt × (1−tax rate).

Money & borrowing

Debt service coverage ratio

Debt service coverage ratio: Debt service coverage ratio = annual net operating income / annual debt service for the same period.

Money & borrowing

Remaining loan term from payment

Remaining loan term from payment: Remaining months = −ln(1−monthly rate × balance/payment)/ln(1+monthly rate), rounded up; zero rate uses balance/payment.

Accounting

Current ratio

Current ratio: Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities at the same balance-sheet date.

Accounting

Quick ratio

Quick ratio: Quick ratio = (cash + marketable securities + net receivables) / current liabilities.

Accounting

Cash ratio

Cash ratio: Cash ratio = (cash equivalents + readily marketable securities) / current liabilities.

Accounting

Return on average assets

Return on average assets: ROA = net income / average of opening and closing total assets × 100.

Accounting

Return on average equity

Return on average equity: ROE = net income / average opening and closing equity × 100.

Accounting

Return on capital employed

Return on capital employed: ROCE = EBIT / (total assets − current liabilities) × 100, using the selected balance-sheet date.

Accounting

Interest coverage ratio

Interest coverage ratio: Interest coverage = EBIT / interest expense, expressed as times covered.

Accounting

DuPont three-factor ROE

DuPont three-factor ROE: DuPont ROE = net profit margin × asset turnover × equity multiplier.

Accounting

FIFO inventory issue cost

FIFO inventory issue cost: Issue units from the oldest purchase layer first; sum issued units × layer cost, retaining unissued layers in closing inventory.

Accounting

Units-of-production depreciation

Units-of-production depreciation: Period depreciation = (cost − residual value) × period output / estimated lifetime output.

Accounting

Sum-of-years-digits depreciation

Sum-of-years-digits depreciation: Depreciation for year y = (cost−residual) × (life−y+1) / [life(life+1)/2].

Accounting

Margin of safety in sales

Margin of safety in sales: Margin of safety = actual sales − break-even sales; divide by actual sales for the percentage.

Accounting

Degree of operating leverage

Degree of operating leverage: Operating leverage = contribution margin / operating profit = (sales−variable costs)/(sales−variable costs−fixed costs).

Accounting

Absorption manufacturing unit cost

Absorption manufacturing unit cost: Absorption unit cost = direct material + direct labour + variable manufacturing overhead + allocated fixed manufacturing overhead per unit.

Taxes & fees

England and Northern Ireland standard SDLT

England and Northern Ireland standard SDLT: Apply standard residential SDLT bands: 0% to £125,000; 2% to £250,000; 5% to £925,000; 10% to £1.5m; 12% above.

Taxes & fees

Scotland standard residential LBTT

Scotland standard residential LBTT: Apply Scottish standard residential LBTT marginal bands: 0% to £145,000; 2% to £250,000; 5% to £325,000; 10% to £750,000; 12% above.

Taxes & fees

Wales main residential Land Transaction Tax

Wales main residential Land Transaction Tax: Apply Welsh main residential LTT marginal bands: 0% to £225,000; 6% to £400,000; 7.5% to £750,000; 10% to £1.5m; 12% above.

Money & borrowing

Canadian mortgage semiannual compounding

Canadian mortgage semiannual compounding: Convert semiannual nominal rate j to monthly rate (1+j/2)^(1/6)−1, then apply the standard monthly amortising-payment formula.

Taxes & fees

New Zealand GST output and input balance

New Zealand GST output and input balance: For standard 15% inclusive amounts, output GST = sales × 3/23 and input GST = claimable purchases × 3/23.

Pay & allowances

End-of-service gratuity accrual planner

End-of-service gratuity accrual planner: Accrue basic salary/30 × days per year for each service tier, then apply the entered salary-month cap if positive.

Taxes & fees

Japan mixed-rate consumption tax basket

Japan mixed-rate consumption tax basket: Standard consumption tax including local component is 10%; qualifying reduced-rate net supplies use 8%.

Taxes & fees

Switzerland three-rate VAT basket

Switzerland three-rate VAT basket: Sum standard supplies × 8.1%, reduced supplies × 2.6% and qualifying accommodation × 3.8%.

Taxes & fees

US state and local sales tax stack

US state and local sales tax stack: For additive rates on the same taxable base, total sales tax = purchase × (state + county + city + district rates).

Taxes & fees

Custom country or state progressive tax worksheet

Custom country or state progressive tax worksheet: Apply each supplied marginal rate only to the income slice between consecutive cumulative upper bounds, then sum all band taxes.

Taxes & fees

Germany church tax on assessed tax

Germany church tax on assessed tax: Multiply the independently determined church-tax assessment base by the confirmed 8% or 9% rate.

Pay & allowances

Salary sacrifice marginal net cost

Salary sacrifice marginal net cost: Approximate take-home reduction = gross sacrifice × (1−marginal income-tax saving−employee social-contribution saving).

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